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''Havelok the Dane'', also known as ''Havelok'' or ''Lay of Havelok the Dane'', is a Middle English romance considered to be part of the Matter of England,〔''Boundaries in medieval romance'', Neil Cartlidge, DS Brewer, 2008, ISBN 1-84384-155-X, 9781843841555. pp. 29-42〕〔"Both ''Horn'' and ''Havelok the Dane'' belong to a group of poems known as the Matter of England, late medieval romances based in part on the oral folk culture that survived the Norman Conquest. This Category also usually includes ''Athelston'' and ''Bevis of Hampton''." ''Introduction to King Horn'' ed. B. Herzman, Graham Drake and Eve Salisbury; originally published in ''Four Romances of England'' (Kalamazoo, MI, 1999, p. 1.〕 despite its borrowing of the Arthurian tradition from the Matter of Britain. The story, however, is also known in two earlier Anglo-Norman versions. Most scholars place ''Havelok the Dane'' at the end of the thirteenth century, between 1280 and 1290. The name "Havelok" also has many variations in spelling, and can be found as "Haveloc" or "Havelock." ==Overview== The story of ''Havelok'' is first attested in lines 37–818 of Geoffrey Gaimar's Anglo-Norman ''Estoire des Engleis'' of about 1135–40. This was the basis for another Anglo-Norman poem, the ''Lai d'havelok'', which in turn may have influenced ''Havelok the Dane''. ''Havelok'' is the second oldest surviving romance written in English, after King Horn; it is believed to have been composed somewhere between 1280–1310. The romance survives in one imperfect version, as well as some fragments. A copy of the 3,001 line poem is available to view in Grimsby Public Library. A new publication of the late 19th-century translation by Walter Skeat is available as ''The Lay of Havelock the Dane''.〔ISBN 1-84384-108-8〕 ''Havelok'' is often categorized as belonging to the so-called Matter of England, because it deals with legends of English history rather than the legends of Rome, France and Britain, the three traditional subjects of medieval romance. The poem is notable for its interest in law and legal practice and its exploration of ideal kingship, as well as for its detailed depiction of working-class life in 13th-century Lincolnshire. It has been called a 'bourgeois' romance because of the high value placed on hard work, virtuous behaviour, and proverbial wisdom. There is evidence that the legend of Havelok was a popular one, as the town of Grimsby, which features in the story, depicted three of its characters – Havelok, Goldeboru, and Grim – on its town seal in the early 13th century. The story unites the local interest of the founding of Grimsby in Lincolnshire to an interest in the complex national identity of England in the Middle Ages, bringing together Anglo-Saxon, Norman, Danish and British influences. Even today, the town seal of Grimsby still names Grim, Havelok, and Goldborow. It is possible to visit the "Grim-stone" and the "Havelok-stone" at Grimsby and Lincoln, respectively. A statue of Grim and Havelok stood outside the main site of Grimsby Institute of Further and Higher Education from 1973 until 2006, but was removed on health and safety grounds after Havelock was decapitated by vandals.〔http://www.thisisgrimsby.co.uk/news/Plan-resurrect-Grim-Havelock-statue-mystery-whereabouts-solved/article-574748-detail/article.html〕 The character Havelok may be based upon the historical Amlaíb Cuarán, a 10th-century Norse-Gaelic ruler, and the legend's plot loosely based upon Amlaíb's life,〔.〕 though there is no critical consensus. Skeat posited a possible link to early legends of Hamlet. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Havelok the Dane」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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